The Author(s) 2017. All rights reserved. NHPs have been critical animal models for development of all current approaches aimed at halting the AIDS epidemic in humans, including developing anti-retroviral therapies, decreasing maternal-fetal transmission of HIV, testing microbicides, and designing more effective strategies for development of efficacious AIDS vaccines. The development of vaccines that prevent infection of humans by Hepatitis A and B viruses and antivirals that provide curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections is one of the clearest examples of the critical nature of an NHP preclinical model, in this case the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Commercial airlines that once transported NHPs no longer do so. Therefore, changes in transportation policies by the major airlines have been inhibitory, but not disastrous. [29] Soon after, other organizations allied with NEAVS and after a decade of advocacy the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. [16], In 1985, NEAVS began funding Bjorn Ekwall, PhD, chairman of the Cytotoxicology Laboratory (CTLU) in Sweden,[17] a laboratory which designs and validates alternatives to animal research, to develop an in vitro method of toxicology testing capable of replacing the LD50 test,[18][19] which assesses substance toxicity based on the dose that kills 50% of animals in the test. . 2017). WebAbout NNEVS. endobj NHP sequencing efforts currently are being pursued in multiple laboratories, but, in general, are not coordinated among laboratories. The short generation times of mice and their fecundity contribute to the success of these technologies. Failure of Phase II and III clinical trials can reflect lack of efficacy, safety concerns, or both (Arrowsmith and Miller 2013). Nevertheless, there are now several examples of creation of genetically modified monkeys that can be used for translational research. Y Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. (2015), Phillips et al. NEAVS supports using alternatives to animals in research, testing, and education, and promotes in vitro, epidemiological, and clinical study data as more predictive for humans. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. WebThe National Gene Vector Biorepository. The purpose of mentioning them is to acknowledge that there are potential alternatives to NHPs and other animal models. , Johnson Z, Trask JS, Smith DG, Ramakrishnan R, Bahk G, Ng J, Wiseman R, Kubisch HM, Vallender EJ, Rogers J, Ferguson B. Ke WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). Strange Today, NNEVS offers two conferences annually to provide medical professionals an opportunity to earn 5 CMEs at EACH conference and operates as a non-profit organization for scientific or educational purposes. Given the complexity of translational research and the fact that any animal model cannot totally reproduce the human condition, there are many challenges and opportunities when NHPs are used for translation. This phenomenon, however, is also highly nuanced. PJ 2017 and references therein). The authors emphasize many different aspects of this topic, including effects of genetics, epigenetics, and diet on CVD; the relationship of infectious disease and CVD, as exemplified by studies of Chagas disease; and the use of stem cell-based technologies to develop NHP preclinical models. This combination of local control of specific protocols and country-wide governmental regulation provides codified, publicly available regulations, such that a given Center or Laboratory knows exactly how it must house and use NHPs for research. In practice, as is clear from the papers in this issue, several different animal models may be used to study a specific problem in translational science. American Anti-Vivisection Society 2023. These common disorders of the female reproductive system include polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, placental dysfunction, and preterm labor, among others. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society, founded in 1895, works to expose and replace animal experiments in laboratories and classrooms with ethically and scientifically responsible modern alternative research methods. Vision research provides one of the most clear-cut examples of the advantages of NHP preclinical models because of the close physiological similarities between humans and NHPs. Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information. [22][23] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses. Animal research is generally recognized to be costly, time-consuming, and unreliable, and much of this research is neither appropriate nor applicable to humans. Sanctuaries funded in the past include Animals Asia Foundation, Chimp Haven, Fauna Foundation, and Save the Chimps. F Federal legislation introduced in 2015 gained momentum toward ending WebContact Who is Neavs Headquarters 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States Phone Number (617) 523-6020 Website www.releasechimps.org Reduced ability to transport animals by air has partially inhibited the ability to move NHPs from one center to another, and for US academic researchers, has inhibited transfer of animals from one continent to another. The cost of genomic sequencing is, at best, approximately $2000 per animal, not including the significant personnel costs necessary to analyze the data (Bimber et al. J NHPs were critical preclinical models for development of these antiviral drugs (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017). Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Much of this discussion is centered around the use of rodents, not NHPs, and is based, in part, on two observations: First, data obtained from animal models obtained by academic laboratories and their industrial collaborators, published in highly regarded peer-reviewed journals, often cannot be reproduced by development teams within pharmaceutical companies. (2016) and Bimber et al. L There are currently some efforts within the NPRC consortium to identify cohorts of animals with specific phenotypes across centers. The field of NHP-based translational research will benefit from a direct comparison of requirements for animal welfare across centers in all countries that supply NHPs for translational investigations. Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. ARLO aims to 2016). Grants from foundations and other nonprofits. J [13][14] This work resulted in the first and strongest anti-pound seizure law in the U.S.[15] As of 2013, 18 states had banned pound seizure. , Morris TH. The US National Research Council Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research in the United Kingdom have provided guidance to journal editors, authors, and reviewers regarding information that should be included in publications relating to experimental animals (National Research Council 2011; Kilkenny et al. R Parallel and coordinated use of whole animals with development of alternative technologies provides an opportunity to validate or abandon alternatives and to enlarge the suite of tools that can be applied to a given translational problem. 2017). The physiological response to stress can differentially affect the animals reaction to a given experimental intervention (Capitanio 2017). Specifically, I thank the NPRC Directors, Drs. [83] K. Leiderman, S.S. Sindi, D.M. The majority of animals used in experiments are purposely bred for research. These authors review the objectives of a typical enhancement plan for animals, relevant outcome measures, challenges, costs, and benefits. 2015). WebNYITCOM Associate Professor of Clinical Sciences Maria Pino, Ph.D., has co-authored a new research paper that makes a strong case for why a golden spice commonly found in curry could enhance ovarian cancer treatments. In contrast, the demand for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques has been relatively constant over the past several years. For-profit centers (Contract Research Organizations (CROs)) also are a major source of animals for preclinical research. K These new requirements will be challenging for investigators proposing NHP-based research and for peer reviewers, in part because of the expense associated with each animal in an NHP-based study and the potential difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of females, neonates, or juveniles. An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research Bailey, J. [39] On June 11, 2013, FWS proposed changing the policy and opened a public comment period. Chen In the United States, primary roles for regulating NHP husbandry, breeding, and use is performed by the US Department of Agriculture and the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. As stated by Capitanio (2017), A model is, by definition, a simplified representation of a phenomenon, and the very process of simplification means that some of the complex reality is lost. Furthermore, use of NHPs versus other models such as rodents is complicated by the many human-like characteristics of NHPs, leading to questions from researchers, stakeholders, and the public about their use for research. In 1981 NEAVS and its sister organization the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) funded research at Tufts University Medical School for an alternative to the Draize test,[10][11] which applies chemicals such as pesticides, household products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics to the eyes of rabbits. Alternatively, less expensive and less comprehensive approaches can be used, such as exomic sequencing or genotyping-by-sequencing (Bimber et al. One species for which a supply-demand problem does potentially exist at present in the United States is the marmoset, which may be particularly useful for neurobiological studies and for development of new NHP disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies (Belmonte et al. 2014, reviewed in Harding 2017). 2016; Ke et al. WebNeavs Profile and History Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. The NPRCs and the other large US NHP Centers are a logical choice to champion dialog regarding approaches to multi-center studies related to NHPs and translational research. , Kievit P, Bremer AA, Comuzzie AC. For the papers in this issue of the journal, translational research is defined broadly to include both efforts aimed at developing or validating NHP models that are directly relevant to studies of human disease as well as the use of NHPs in later stages of translation that help validate drug targets; evaluate the efficacy of therapies, vaccines, or devices; and test toxicity of pharmaceuticals before testing in human clinical trials.