Step 4 of the formation of the solar system. Check out the video "Birth of Stars". The Webb team expects the telescope's optical performance will be able to meet or exceed the science goals the observatory was built to achieve. In the far distant future, the gravity of passing stars will gradually reduce the Sun's retinue of planets. Design & Development: (e) Al+H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+H2\mathrm{Al} + \mathrm{H_2SO_4} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Al_2(SO_4)_3} + \mathrm{H_2}Al+H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+H2, 5 billion years ago the sun formed from a cloud of gas and dust that collapsed because of gravity, after the cloud collapsed it formed into a rotating disk. One astronomical unit (or AU) is the distance from the Sun to Earth, or about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers). [122] Earth's fate is less clear; although the Sun will envelop Earth's current orbit, the star's loss of mass (and thus weaker gravity) will cause the planets' orbits to move farther out. At the tip of the red-giant branch, as a result of the vastly increased surface area, the Sun's surface will be much cooler (about 2,600K (2,330C; 4,220F)) than now, and its luminosity much higherup to 2,700current solar luminosities. [30], As the early Solar System continued to evolve, it eventually drifted away from its siblings in the stellar nursery, and continued orbiting the Milky Way's center on its own. The formation of the solar system is a challenging puzzle for modern astronomy and a terrific tale of extreme forces operating over immense timescales. Formation of the Solar System: Birth of Worlds - NASA The solar system also includes the Kuiper Belt that lies past Neptune's orbit. Terrestrial planets and the Moon form. The first recorded use of the term "Solar System" dates from 1704. This telescope (actually a photometer), the centerpiece of whats known as the Kepler mission, will monitor 100,000 stars a few hundred to a few thousand light-years away. Consequently, its luminosity will decrease from around 3,000 to 54 times its current level, and its surface temperature will increase to about 4,770K (4,500C; 8,130F). [125] Afterwards, all that will remain of the Sun is a white dwarf, an extraordinarily dense object, 54% its original mass but only the size of the Earth. Formation of the Solar System in two steps Internal geophysical evolution alters the structure and volatile abundances of forming protoplanets, which govern the long-term fate of rocky worlds. [25] Studies of T Tauri stars show that they are often accompanied by discs of pre-planetary matter with masses of 0.0010.1M. Direct link to SonicMaster's post why are Saturn ,Uranus, A, Posted 3 years ago. Ultimately, over the course of tens of billions of years, it is likely that the Sun will be left with none of the original bodies in orbit around it. The standard argument today holds that a small contending planet, about one-tenth the size of Earth, must have collided with Earth about 4.45 billion years ago. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. Its inner edge would have been just beyond the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, which were in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed (most likely in the range of 1520AU), and in 50% of simulations ended up in opposite locations, with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune. PDF A Timeline for Planet Formation - NASA Formation of the Solar System: Birth of Worlds [639KB PDF file] Resonance in Jupiter and Saturn's orbits moves Neptune out into the Kuiper belt. Far from the Sun, cooler temperatures allowed the oxygen to combine with hydrogen and condense in the form of water (H2O) ice. Formation and evolution of the Solar System - Wikipedia [124], This is a relatively peaceful event, nothing akin to a supernova, which the Sun is too small to undergo as part of its evolution. 2. The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun's nuclear reactions, continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars and planets. This site is maintained by the Planetary Science Communications team at, asteroid 3122 Florence had two tiny moons, New NASA Map Details 2023 and 2024 Solar Eclipses in the US, NASA Administrator Selects New Head of Science, March 2023: The Next Full Moon is the Crow, Crust, Sap, Sugar, or Worm Moon, February 2023: The Next Full Moon is the Snow, Storm, or Hunger Moon, January 2023: The Next Full Moon is the Wolf or Ice Moon, November 2022: The Next Full Moon is the Beaver, Frost, Frosty, or Snow Moon, NASA Telescope Takes 12-Year Time-Lapse Movie of Entire Sky, NASA Studies Origins of Weird' Solar System Object: Dwarf Planet Haumea, 10 Things: Greatest Hits Craters We Love, October 2022: The Next Full Moon is the Hunter's Moon; the Travel, Dying Grass, Sanguine, or Blood Moon, September 2022: The Next Full Moon is the Harvest Moon; the Fruit or Barley Moon, Explore the Solar System With NASA's New-and-Improved 3D Eyes', August 2022: The Next Full Moon is Called the Sturgeon Moon - and a Marginal Supermoon, June 2022: The Next Full Moon is the Strawberry Supermoon, May 2022: The Next Full Moon is the Flower Moon, the Corn, or Milk Moon, April 2022: The Next Full Moon is the Pink Moon, the Sprouting Grass, Egg, or Fish Moon, What Sounds Captured by NASA's Perseverance Rover Reveal About Mars, NASA's Mega Moon Rocket, Spacecraft Complete First Roll to Launch Pad, NASA's Webb Reaches Alignment Milestone, Optics Working Successfully, March 2022: The Next Full Moon is the Crow, Crust, Sap, Sugar, and Worm Moon, Webb Telescope Mirror Alignment Continues, Studying the Next Interstellar Interloper with Webb, NASA's InSight Sees Power Levels Stabilize After Dust Storm. Response: Step 1: Gravitational Collapse An interstellar cloud of gas that is known as the solar nebula collapsed under its own gravity. The Sun and the planets formed together, 4.6 billion years ago, from a cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula. These heavier atoms had been formed earlier in the history of the Universe when other stars aged and died. The combined mass of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune is 445.6 Earth masses. This book uses the An astronomical unit, or AU, is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, or about 150 million kilometres. Although the Sun and planets may survive, the Solar System, in any meaningful sense, will cease to exist. Formation of the Solar System: Lesson for Kids | Study.com Sunlight reflected at a wavelength of 2 micrometers is shown as blue, sunlight reflected at 3 micrometers is shown as green, and heat radiated from, https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/14-3-formation-of-the-solar-system, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe the motion, chemical, and age constraints that must be met by any theory of solar system formation, Summarize the physical and chemical changes during the solar nebula stage of solar system formation, Explain the formation process of the terrestrial and giant planets, Describe the main events of the further evolution of the solar system. The process of accretion, therefore, is not complete, and may still pose a threat to life on Earth. [29] This marked the Sun's entry into the prime phase of its life, known as the main sequence. Eventually, it will have to again resort to the reserves of hydrogen and helium in its outer layers. The temperature within the disk decreased with increasing distance from the Sun, much as the planets temperatures vary with position today. The Moon will appear full Sunday through Wednesday. This point marks the end of the Solar System. There are certain basic properties of the planetary system that any theory of its formation must explain. Astronomers speculate that a smaller object must have hit Mercury, vaporizing its crust and leaving only the larger-than-usual iron core. The collision kicked into orbit some of the impactor's mantle, which then coalesced into the Moon. This comes from an Anglo-Saxon childrens story, Goldilocks and the Three Bears. In the story, a young girl named Goldilocks wanders into the home of three bears, who are away. Good question. And like that, the solar system as we know it today was formed. Is any acreation in our own solar system still considered ongoing in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter? Of the eight planets, Mercury and Venus are the only ones with no moons. (b) NaHCO3+H2SO4Na2SO4+H2O+CO2\mathrm{NaHCO}_3+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4 \longrightarrow \mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{CO}_2NaHCO3+H2SO4Na2SO4+H2O+CO2 During this time, these worlds could support a water-based hydrologic cycle, but as they are too small to hold a dense atmosphere like Earth, they would experience extreme daynight temperature differences. The Sun will become a horizontal giant, burning helium in its core in a stable fashion, much like it burns hydrogen today. In some ways, the swarms of moons around these worlds resemble mini versions of our solar system. When the Sun's orbit takes it outside the galactic disc, the influence of the galactic tide is weaker; as it re-enters the galactic disc, as it does every 2025million years, it comes under the influence of the far stronger "disc tides", which, according to mathematical models, increase the flux of Oort cloud comets into the Solar System by a factor of 4, leading to a massive increase in the likelihood of a devastating impact. http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/26643/why-arent-saturns-rings-clumping-into-moons, http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/37-our-solar-system/the-moon/the-moon-and-the-earth/111-is-the-moon-moving-away-from-the-earth-when-was-this-discovered-intermediate. [77][78], Over the course of the Solar System's evolution, comets were ejected out of the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets and sent thousands of AU outward to form the Oort cloud, a spherical outer swarm of cometary nuclei at the farthest extent of the Sun's gravitational pull. (a) SO2+O2SO3\mathrm{SO}_2+\mathrm{O}_2 \longrightarrow \mathrm{SO}_3SO2+O2SO3 [102] This could happen within a billion years, according to numerical simulations in which Mercury's orbit is perturbed.[103]. It is smaller than Earths Moon. In fact, it is the study of asteroids and comets that allows scientists to piece together this whole long story. In 2009, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) senta telescope into orbit around the Sun to hunt for habitable exoplanets in the region near the constellations Cygnus and Lyra. These clumps smashed into one another, forming larger and larger objects. Astronomers used to think that the solar system that emerged from this early evolution was similar to what we see today. But it will be many thousands of years before the two Voyagers exit the Oort Cloud.. The four inner planets, those closest to the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The first and most widely accepted model, core accretion, works well with. Several weeks after a dust storm on Mars, InSight's solar panels are producing almost as much power as they did before the storm. PPT - Formation of the Solar System PowerPoint Presentation, free When Neptune, Uranus and Saturn perturb planetesimals outwards, those planetesimals end up in highly eccentric but still bound orbits, and so can return to the perturbing planet and possibly return its lost energy. Direct link to Mateo Piper's post What caught my attention , Posted 6 years ago. The Sun emitted a mid-level solar flare on March 31, 2022, peaking at 2:35 p.m. EST. Proplyds in the Orion Nebula. When a red giant finally casts off its outer layers, these elements would then be recycled to form other star systems. Researchers use AI to discover new planet outside solar system. [3], The time frame of the Solar System's formation has been determined using radiometric dating. The comets in the Oort cloud and the trans-neptunian objects in the Kuiper belt are also icy objects, whereas the asteroids represent a transitional rocky composition with abundant dark, carbon-rich material. and you must attribute OpenStax. Rocky planets, like Earth, formed near the Sun, because icy and gaseous material couldnt survive close to all that heat. This giant spherical shell surrounds our solar system. How is there fire on the sun but there is no oxygen to keep up the fire. Direct link to Bayley Ridgeway's post if the same process that , Posted 8 years ago. 1 Steps in Forming the Solar System. Module 3 Lab 6: Formation of the Solar System Learning Objective: You will explore the processes/steps of solar system formation and identify which process/step leads to the characteristic we see today. By the end of this section, you will be able to: As we have seen, the comets, asteroids, and meteorites are surviving remnants from the processes that formed the solar system. How did the solar system form? | Space [11] Planetesimals beyond the frost line accumulated up to 4MEarth within about 3million years. This is a sparsely occupied ring of icy bodies, almost all smaller than the most popular Kuiper Belt Object dwarf planet Pluto. Direct link to Jose Gurrola's post Could there be a differen, Posted 4 years ago. The Formation of the Solar System in 6 minutes! (4K "Ultra HD") Why would some be rocky and some gaseous? In the asteroid belt this usually is not the case. The planets are of two different types. When it was over, there remained eight stable planets that had swept their orbits clean. Key Facts - Webb/NASA Planets form from particles in a disk of gas and dust, colliding and sticking together as they orbit the star. 6- steps to form a solar system. [112] In about 600 million years, the Sun's brightness will have disrupted the Earth's carbon cycle to the point where trees and forests (C3 photosynthetic plant life) will no longer be able to survive; and in around 800 million years, the Sun will have killed all complex life on the Earth's surface and in the oceans. At this point, the density and temperature will become so high that the fusion of helium into carbon will begin, leading to a helium flash; the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11times its present (main-sequence) radius. At some point, the cloud collapsedpossibly because the shockwave of a nearby exploding star caused it to compress. This future development may be similar to the observed detection of MOA-2010-BLG-477L b, a Jupiter-sized exoplanet orbiting its host white dwarf star MOA-2010-BLG-477L. As a result, many larger objects have been broken apart, and sometimes newer objects have been forged from the remnants in less violent collisions. The Sun's heliosphere doesn't extend quite as far. Models show that density and temperature variations in the disk governed this rate of migration,[35][36] but the net trend was for the inner planets to migrate inward as the disk dissipated, leaving the planets in their current orbits. Although the resonance itself will remain stable, it becomes impossible to predict the position of Pluto with any degree of accuracy more than 1020million years (the Lyapunov time) into the future. In the inner parts of the system, remnant planetesimals and perhaps several dozen protoplanets continued to whiz about. This disk is called an accretion disk. [54] The cumulative action of the resonances and the embryos either scattered the planetesimals away from the asteroid belt or excited their orbital inclinations and eccentricities. And the center of Earth consists of a solid iron core rotating in hot liquid called magma. [111], In the long term, the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages. Eventually, the pressure in the core was so great that hydrogen atoms began to combine and form helium, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. These regions are the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and the Kuiper belt beyond Neptune. The extreme example is the observation that there are polar deposits of ice on both Mercury and the Moon; these are almost certainly formed and maintained by occasional comet impacts. the spinning, flattening mass formed after a solar nebula collapses. Gas and icy stuff collected further away, creating the gas and ice giants. The period required for the Solar System to complete one revolution around the Galactic Center, the galactic year, is in the range of 220250 million years. Twobillion years later, when the Sun has cooled to the 6,0008,000K (5,7307,730C; 10,34013,940F) range, the carbon and oxygen in the Sun's core will freeze, with over 90% of its remaining mass assuming a crystalline structure. The similarity of the measured ages tells us that planets formed and their crusts cooled within a few tens of millions of years (at most) of the beginning of the solar system. This model, known as the nebular hypothesis, was first developed in the 18th century by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace. [2][75] The oldest known evidence for life on Earth dates to 3.8billion years agoalmost immediately after the end of the Late Heavy Bombardment. Earth was still red-hot beneath a possible thin new crust. Many moons have formed from circling discs of gas and dust around their parent planets, while other moons are thought to have formed independently and later to have been captured by their planets. Meteorites, comets, and asteroids are survivors of the solar nebula out of which the solar system formed. [50], One unresolved issue with this model is that it cannot explain how the initial orbits of the proto-terrestrial planets, which would have needed to be highly eccentric to collide, produced the remarkably stable and nearly circular orbits they have today. The paper presents a new theoretical framework for the formation and structure of the Solar System that can explain several key features of the terrestrial planets (like Earth, Venus, and. Jan 23, 2023 OpenStax. (2) With the exception of Pluto, the planets divide clearly into two groups: terrestrial and jovian. [65] The Moon will appear full from early Saturday morning through early Tuesday morning. [89] The impact was probably the last in the series of mergers that formed the Earth. Finally some of these objects became big enough to be spheresthese spheres became planets and dwarf planets. Direct link to Davin V Jones's post Tidal forces are the prim, Posted 3 years ago. Dust around stars contains elements such as carbon and iron which can help form planetary systems. Solar System Formation in Two Steps - SciTechDaily The "gravitational drag" of this residual gas would have eventually lowered the planets' energy, smoothing out their orbits. This illustration shows the steps in the formation of the solar system from the solar nebula. [112], Around 5.4billion years from now, the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell. Any observer present to witness this occurrence would see a massive increase in the speed of the solar wind, but not enough to destroy a planet completely. By gentle collisions, some grains built up into balls and then into objects a mile in diameter, called planetesimals. The two primary queue operations are _______ and _______. [127] Eventually, after roughly onequadrillion years, the Sun will finally cease to shine altogether, becoming a black dwarf. The most widely accepted explanation of how the solar system formed is called the nebular hypothesis. As the hydrogen and helium rapidly collapsed onto their cores, the giant planets were heated by the energy of contraction. They are all small with solid, rocky surfaces. [101], Ultimately, the Solar System is stable in that none of the planets are likely to collide with each other or be ejected from the system in the next few billion years. The dust around a star is critical to forming celestial objects around it. This essay will try to answer these questions. [88] A. How do planets form? - Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar Over hundreds of millions of years, they slowly cooled.". [11] Over about 100,000 years,[9] the competing forces of gravity, gas pressure, magnetic fields, and rotation caused the contracting nebula to flatten into a spinning protoplanetary disc with a diameter of about 200AU[11] and form a hot, dense protostar (a star in which hydrogen fusion has not yet begun) at the centre. Such a fate awaits the moons Phobos of Mars (within 30to50million years),[106] Triton of Neptune (in 3.6 billion years),[107] and at least 16 small satellites of Uranus and Neptune. The Oort Cloud is the boundary of the Sun's gravitational influence, where orbiting objects can turn around and return closer to our Sun. (One light-year equals 6 trillion miles.) This indicates that one or more supernovae occurred nearby. These protoplanets of the outer solar system were so large that they were able to attract and hold the surrounding gas. [8] Fred Hoyle elaborated on this premise by arguing that evolved stars called red giants created many elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in their cores. [59][60] In contrast, comets from the Kuiper belt or farther regions delivered not more than about 6% of Earth's water. As a result, those planets accumulated little hydrogen and heliumnot more than 1MEarth each. This cloud, called a nebula by astronomers, was made up of dust and gas, mostly hydrogen and helium, with a small percentage of heavier atoms. Matter farther out in the disk was also clumping together. [6], Understanding of how the Sun is expected to continue to evolve required an understanding of the source of its power. The positions of the planets might have shifted due to gravitational interactions. Initially, this white dwarf may be 100times as luminous as the Sun is now. [49] However, such gas, if it existed, would have prevented the terrestrial planets' orbits from becoming so eccentric in the first place. 5 Engaging Formation of the Solar System Activities One notable example of this chaos is the NeptunePluto system, which lies in a 3:2 orbital resonance. Our solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago from a dense cloud of interstellar gas and dust. [99], The outer planets' orbits are chaotic over longer timescales, with a Lyapunov time in the range of 2230million years. [a][9][12] One of these collapsing fragments (known as the presolar nebula) formed what became the Solar System. [b] Theorists believe it is no accident that Jupiter lies just beyond the frost line. The next full moon is the Hunter's Moon; the Travel, Dying Grass, Sanguine, or Blood Moon. The ices that formed the Jovian planets were more abundant than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial planets, allowing the giant planets to grow massive enough to capture hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements. [43] Beyond Neptune, the Solar System continues into the Kuiper belt, the scattered disc, and the Oort cloud, three sparse populations of small icy bodies thought to be the points of origin for most observed comets. Direct link to fred's post Is there any attempt at e, Posted 3 years ago. Direct link to Bobberpuablington's post Yes it could be possible,, Posted 3 years ago. [55] This event may have triggered the Late Heavy Bombardment that occurred approximately 4billion years ago, 500600million years after the formation of the Solar System. These compounds are quite rare in the Universe, comprising only 0.6% of the mass of the nebula, so the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. Prerequisites: Read Chapter 8 on Formation of the Solar System in your textbook, watch this video: Materials Required: A computer and internet A calculator Total Time Required: About 2 hours . But although these giant planets got hotter than their terrestrial siblings, they were far too small to raise their central temperatures and pressures to the point where nuclear reactions could begin (and it is such reactions that give us our definition of a star). [113][118][119] During these times, it is possible that Saturn's moon Titan could achieve surface temperatures necessary to support life. The one counted as the ninth, Pluto, orbitsfurthest from our Sun. Each of these attracted surrounding planetesimals until it had acquired a mass similar to that of Mercury or Mars. The Sun likely drifted from its original orbital distance from the center of the galaxy. Arthur Stanley Eddington's confirmation of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity led to his realisation that the Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion reactions in its core, fusing hydrogen into helium. Direct link to Johanna's post The "burning" in the sun , Posted 8 years ago. Because the gravity of the giant planets could stir up the orbits of the planetesimals, the material impacting on the inner protoplanets could have come from almost anywhere within the solar system. However, the star's loss of mass could send the orbits of the surviving planets into chaos, causing some to collide, others to be ejected from the Solar System, and others to be torn apart by tidal interactions. Terms in this set (5) Step 1 of the formation of the solar system. The boundary where the solar wind is abruptly slowed by pressure from interstellar gases is called the termination shock. The remaining 2% of the mass consisted of heavier elements that were created by nucleosynthesis in earlier generations of stars. [34][41], T Tauri stars like the young Sun have far stronger stellar winds than more stable, older stars. A moon will raise a tidal bulge in the object it orbits (the primary) due to the differential gravitational force across diameter of the primary. Location. History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses, "Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets", "Birth of the planets: The Earth and its fellow planets may be survivors from a time when planets ricocheted around the Sun like ball bearings on a pinball table", "Triggered Star Formation inside the Shell of a WolfRayet Bubble as the Origin of the Solar System", "Lecture 13: The Nebular Theory of the origin of the Solar System", "The supernova trigger for formation of the solar system", "Iron 60 Evidence for Early Injection and Efficient Mixing of Stellar Debris in the Protosolar Nebula", "Slow-Moving Rocks Better Odds That Life Crashed to Earth from Space", "Magnetic Star-Disk Coupling in Classical T Tauri Systems", "Stardust Results in a Nutshell: The Solar Nebula was Like a Blender", "The Primordial Excitation and Clearing of the Asteroid Belt", "Linking the collisional history of the main asteroid belt to its dynamical excitation and depletion", "Pumping of a Planetesimal Disc by a Rapidly Migrating Planet", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "The primordial excitation and clearing of the asteroid beltRevisited", "A Population of Comets in the Main Asteroid Belt", "Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth", "Uranus, Neptune, and the Mountains of the Moon", "Origin of the orbital architecture of the giant planets of the Solar System", "Jupiter may have robbed Mars of mass, new report indicates", "UCLA scientists strengthen case for life more than 3.8 billion years ago", "The Risk to Civilization From Extraterrestrial Objects and Implications of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 Comet Crash", "Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary-planet gravitational encounter", "Interplanetary Weathering: Surface Erosion in Outer Space", Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, "The origin and evolution of stony meteorites", "The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page", "Origin of the moonThe collision hypothesis", "A Jovian analogue orbiting a white dwarf star", "A Crystal Ball Into Our Solar System's Future - Giant Gas Planet Orbiting a Dead Star Gives Glimpse Into the Predicted Aftermath of our Sun's Demise", "Astronomers Found a Planet That Survived Its Star's Death - The Jupiter-size planet orbits a type of star called a white dwarf, and hints at what our solar system could be like when the sun burns out", "Numerical evidence that the motion of Pluto is chaotic", "The solar system could go haywire before the sun dies", "Tidal Heating of Io and orbital evolution of the Jovian satellites", "Improved estimate of tidal dissipation within Mars from MOLA observations of the shadow of Phobos", "Measurement and implications of Saturn's gravity field and ring mass", "Introduction to Cataclysmic Variables (CVs)", "Titan under a red giant sun: A new kind of "habitable" moon", "Planetary nebulae and the future of the Solar System", "The Potential of White Dwarf Cosmochronology", "Period of the Sun's Orbit around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year)", "When Our Galaxy Smashes Into Andromeda, What Happens to the Sun?