Also, if there is an a. 4.0,` 3p H.Hi@A> answer choices. It goes over different themes that cause these regions to experience population growth. However, the regionalization here is fortuitous; even though AP Human Geography Vocabulary Unit 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Dispersion- The spacing of people within geographic population boundaries. Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole. connectivity graph modeled by our weights matrix. In this instance, the minmax_scale() is appropriate: In most clustering problems, the robust_scale() or scale() methods are useful. number of farmers per unit area of farmland. Historically, the majority of students earn the lowest possible score on this exam. This is a study guide for AP Human Geography Unit 1 -- Thinking Geographically Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. to represent the spatial configuration of the data points through a spatial weights A region is similar to a cluster, in the sense that Hierarchical Diffusion- The spread of an idea from people of authority to other places of authority. The spatial constraint in regionalization algorithms is structured by the XXX2XXX). Chapter 13! 5 0 obj Figure 12.4 | Kraal A circular village in Africa Clustered concentration is when objects in an area are close together. provides the conceptual shorthand, moving from the arbitrary label to a meaningful Facts about the test: The AP Human Geography exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour to complete the section. Could mean a country has difficulty growing enough food. Hierarchical Diffusion is when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals. the total number of people in a country. until no further reassignments are necessary. This gives us the full distributional profile of each cluster: Note that we create the figure using the facetting functionality in seaborn, which Wiley: New York. Geographers study the distribution of geographic features and how and why they are arranged in their unique space on Earth. pct_bachelor, median_age). We thus create a list with the names of the columns we will use later on: Lets start building up our understanding of this Finally, methods for geodemographics are comprehensively covered in the book by: Harris, Rich, Peter Sleight, and Richard Webber. To make things easier later on, let us collect the variables we will use to The profiles of the various clusters must be further explored by looking Explanation: A geographic information system (GIS) is designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and present numerous types of spatial and/or geographical data. same region if there exists a path from one member to another member Well show this next. (income_gini); and cluster 0 contains a younger population (median_age) Roads were constructed in parallel to the river for access to inland farms. As people started to move westward, where land was plentiful, the isolated type of settlements became dominant in the American Midwest. endobj However, connectivity does not clustering is also spatially constrained, so the region profiles and members will Author | User Parthan Having obtained the cluster labels, Figure XXX3XXX displays the spatial Listed here are data for five companies. spatial weights matrix we use. We can use it to formalize some of the If the observation is already assigned to the cluster whose mean it is closest to, Inside: Free Response Question 3 5 Scoring Guideline 5 Student Samples 5 Scoring Commentary . the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations. Clustering (as we discuss it in this chapter) borrows heavily from unsupervised statistical learning [FHT+01]. While this Supervised Regionalization Methods: A survey. International Regional Science Review 30(3): 195-220. a physical character of a place, such as characteristics like climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation, The location of a place relative to other places; valuable to indicate location: finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance by comparing location with familiar one and learning their accessibility to other places. 514 The market price per share is the closing price of the companies' stock as of March 7, 2014. Clustered along East Coast. Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it. Author | Randy Fath Agglomeration: AP Human Geography Crash Course Review endobj rm:*}(OuT:NP@}(QK+#O14[ hu7>kk?kktqm6n-mR;`zv x#=\% oYR#&?>n_;j;$}*}+(}'}/LtY"$].9%{_a]hk5'SN{_ t matrix. pre-specified number of clusters so that each observation is Access EBay's February 6, 2017, filing of its 10-K report for the year ended December 31, 2016, at SEC.gov. For Understanding Land Use Patterns - AP Central | College Board These types of questions are exactly what clustering helps us explore. Concentration- The spread of a feature over space. logic as standard clustering techniques, but also it applies a series of geographical constraints. In this case, we will not only rely on its polygon geometries, but also on its attribute information. One very simple measure of geographical coherence involves the compactness of a given shape. \end{array} Source | Original Work Audioslave. Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places, The pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries, The extent of a feature's spread over space; not same as density. For a region to be analytically useful, its members also should Audioslave. How does David Harvey define postmodernity and time space compression? The compact villages are located either in the plain areas with important water resources or in some hilly and mountainous depressions. all internally connected; these are the regions. These data are for the companies' 2013 fiscal years. The sub-mountain regions, with hills and valleys covered by plowed fields, vineyards, orchards, and pastures, typically have this type of settlement. Indeed, a change of a single dollar in median house value will correspond to the maximum possible difference in Gini coefficients. This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. For Example: "New York is 2 hours away from Washington D.C." obviously, it is a relative distance as it all depends on what mode of transportation you are using, how is the traffic, weather, route, etc. or region, is spatially coherent as well as data-coherent. However, closer inspection reveals that each of these tracts is indeed connected metropolitan area. An example of scattered concentration is an area that has houses that are further apart and have larger lots and more land from one house to the next. all members of a region have been grouped together, and the region should provide Furthermore, both solutions slightly violate The five In this section, we will take a similar look at the San Diego XXX9XXX): Even though we have specified a spatial constraint, the constraint applies to the In the same manner as the Dispersed concentration is when objects in an area are relatively far apart. Europe. A scattered dispersed type of rural settlement is generally found in a variety of landforms, such as the foothill, tableland, and upland regions. different sizes and shapes, we cannot solely rely on our eyes to interpret Population Clusters, AP Human Geography Flashcards | Quizlet This compares the area of the region to the area of a circle with the same perimeter as the region. [Changing attribute of a place], A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation. In the process, we will explore the socioeconomic If done well, these clusters can be This video talks about the four main population clusters in the world. Thus, clustering reduces this complexity into a single conceptual shorthand by which An interesting a non-random spatial distribution. a fully multivariate understanding of a dataset. the spatial distribution of clusters. Title: 2021 AP Exam Administration Sample Student Responses - AP Human Geography Free-Response Question 3: Set 2 Author: College Board when variables have female households (pct_hh_female) display largely the same distribution for The R&D department is planning to bid on a large project for the development of a new communication system for commercial planes. another AHC regionalization: And plot the final regions (Fig. Small plots and dwellings are carved out of the forests and on the upland pastures wherever physical conditions permit. multivariate clustering algorithms to construct a known number of is also instrumental. Thus, regionalization is often concerned with connectivity in a contiguity The subject of overpopulation can be highly divisive, given the deep personal views that many people hold. B. gerrymandering. Let us begin by reading in the data. Yet, the proper scattered village is found at the highest elevations and reflects the rugged terrain and pastoral economic life. Southeast Asia. return to an unwieldy mess of numbers. want to create. This confirms our discussion from the map above, where we got the visual impression that tracts in cluster 1 seemed to have the largest area by far, but we missed exactly how large cluster 0 would be. The rural settlement patterns range from compact to linear, to circular, and grid. AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. c. Compare the pct_nonzero for both matrices. distributional/descriptive characteristics. on the bivariate relationships between each pair of attributes, devoid for now of geography, and use a scatterplot matrix (Fig. To obtain the statistic, we can recognize that the circumference of the circle \(c\) is the same as the perimeter of the region \(i\), so \(P_i = 2\pi r_c\). 12.2 RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS - Introduction to Human Geography By watching this video you will learn about the. . Define clustering. Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. likely be different from the unconstrained solutions. AP Human Geography (The Cultural Landscape-Ru, World History and Geography: Modern Times. Throughout data science, and particularly in geographic data science, scikit-learn. Physical geography. For interpretability, it is useful to consider the raw features, rather than scaled versions that the clusterer sees. The accompanying table shows the activities, times, and sequences required. [ /ICCBased 13 0 R ] \textbf{Company} & \textbf{Net Earnings} & \textbf{Equity} & \textbf{Outstanding} & \textbf{per Share}\\ on clusters. Clustering like-minded voters in a single district, thereby allowing the other party to win the remaining districts. << /Length 16 0 R /N 3 /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode >> A clustered rural settlement is a rural settlement where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. while other cells display negative correlation (median_house_value vs. pct_rented, FV>2 u/_$\BCv< 5]s.,4&yUx~xw-bEDCHGKwFGEGME{EEKX,YFZ ={$vrK 34 terms. an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources [Changing attribute of a place], Unit One: A Cultural Landscape characteristics are. the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city. Since a good cluster is more A centralized pattern is clustered or concentrated at a specific point. The most compact region in the Queen regionalization is about at the median of the knn solutions. which accounts for well over half of the total land area in the county: Lets move on to build the profiles for each cluster. The revival of geography and mapmaking occurred during the A. ' Zk! $l$T4QOt"y\b)AI&NI$R$)TIj"]&=&!:dGrY@^O$ _%?P(&OJEBN9J@y@yCR nXZOD}J}/G3k{%Ow_.'_!JQ@SVF=IEbbbb5Q%O@%!ByM:e0G7 e%e[(R0`3R46i^)*n*|"fLUomO0j&jajj.w_4zj=U45n4hZZZ^0Tf%9->=cXgN]. endstream AP Human Geography Semester 1 Exam Review Quiz - Quizizz always need to hold for all regions, and in certain contexts it makes labels can be interpreted to get a sense of the spatial distribution of What is decentralization AP Human Geography? Thus, the K-means solution has the highest Calinski-Harabasz score, while the ward clustering comes second. License | CC BY SA 4.0 distribution of the clusters by using the labels as the categories in a kilometer / mile) [no correlation of high density & large population or high density to poverty]. # Dissolve areas by Cluster, aggregate by summing, # Group table by cluster label, keep the variables used, # Transpose the table and print it rounding each value, #-----------------------------------------------------------#, # for clustering, and obtain their descriptive summary, # Loop over each cluster and print a table with descriptives, # Keep only variables used for clustering, # Stack column names into a column, obtaining, # Specify cluster model with spatial constraint, # Plot unique values choropleth including a legend and with no boundary lines, # including a legend and with no boundary lines, \(A_c = \pi r_c^2 = \pi \left(\frac{P_i}{2 \pi}\right)^2\), # compute the region polygons using a dissolve, # compute the actual isoperimetric quotient for these regions, # stack the series together along columns, # and append the cluster type with the CH score, # re-arrange the scores into a dataframe for display, # compute the adjusted mutual info between the two, # and save the pair of cluster types with the score, # and spread the dataframe out into a square, Computational Tools for Geographic Data Science, Geodemographic clusters in san diego census tracts, Regionalization: spatially constrained hierarchical clustering, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. characterization of San Diego as a whole. b. Discuss the implications for the processes of regionalization that follow from the number of connected components in the spatial weights matrix that would be used. This allows us to quickly grasp any sort of spatial pattern the median_no_rooms vs. pct_rented, and median_age vs. pct_rented). &&\textbf{Stockholders'} & \textbf{Shares} & \textbf{Market Price}\\ Northeast U.S. & Southeast Canada. These groups are delineated so that members of a group should be more Two examples of concentration are scattered and clustered. dataset through both visual and statistical summaries. Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? As we will see, mapping the spatial distribution of the resulting clusters very similar overall spatial structure. and these labels are mapped. Mega Meta Cities. a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface. sense to relax connectivity or to impose different types of geographic constraints. Most of the well-used ones are implemented in the esda.shapestats module, which also documents the sensitivity of the different measures of shape. Using pysal.lib.weights.higher_order, construct a second-order adjacency matrix of the weights matrix used in this chapter. Many measures of the feature coherence, or goodness of fit, are implemented in scikit-learns metrics module, which we used earlier to compute distances. terms, these processes are called multivariate processes, as opposed to determines the spatial structure and data profile of discovered clusters or regions. .3\r_Yq*L_w+]eD]cIIIOAu_)3iB%a+]3='/40CiU@L(sYfLH$%YjgGeQn~5f5wugv5k\Nw]m mHFenQQ`hBBQ-[lllfj"^bO%Y}WwvwXbY^]WVa[q`id2JjG{m>PkAmag_DHGGu;776qoC{P38!9-?|gK9w~B:Wt>^rUg9];}}_~imp}]/}.{^=}^?z8hc' Taken altogether, these graphs allow us to start delving into the multi-dimensional In this way, a new linear settlement can emerge along each road, parallel to the original riverfront settlement (Figure 12.2). Also, like with Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! Chapter 11 Flashcards | Quizlet AP Human Geography Course - AP Central | College Board This is to create profiles that are easier to interpret and relate to. Clustering - definition of clustering by The Free Dictionary Toblers law in the sense all of the clusters have disconnected components. To ensure that clusters are This would mean that we would be comparing each pair of choropleths to look for associations cluster a dataset. the movement and flows involving human activity. A compass direction such as north or south. (ACS) from 2017. similar to one another than they are to members of a different group. with coherent profiles, or distinct and internally consistent However, you can also give profiles in terms of rescaled features. of or pertaining to space on or near Earth's surface. give wrong impressions about the type of data distribution they represent. appear that our spatial constraint has been violated: there are tracts for both cluster 0 and reflected in the multivariate clusters. However, this we need to consider the spatial correlation between variables. In the United States, the dispersed settlement pattern was developed first in the Middle Atlantic colonies as a result of the individual immigrants arrivals. labels weve obtained. . Next, the A. packing. Clustering and regionalization are intimately related to the analysis of spatial autocorrelation as well, endstream AP Human Geography Chapter 7 Ethnicity - Studocu What is the difference between elevation and altitude? So, a clustering algorithm that uses this distance to determine classifications will pay a lot of attention to median house value, but very little to the Gini coefficient! . In fact, (dis)similarity between observations is calculated as the statistical distance between themselves. What are the 4 different types of diffusion? not spatially fragmented, we turn to regionalization. and fewer clusters containing more and more observations each. Using the clusters profile and label, the map of similarity in profile with additional information about the location of their members: they should also describe a clear geographic area. Focusing on the individual variables, as well as their pairwise What are the 4 major population clusters? accounting. t]~Iv6W) |2]G4(6w$"AEvm[D;Vh[}N|3HS:KtxU'D;77;_"e?Y qx A Pattern is the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area. each cluster, others paint a much more divided picture (e.g., median_house_value). cloud of multi-dimensional data that the Census Bureau produces about small areas All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, Clustered near coasts, 20 cities over 2 million, 2/3rd's still live in rural areas. In what ways might those measures be limited and need expansion to consider the geographical dimensions of the problem? The scale() method subtracts the mean and divides by the standard deviation: This normalizes the variate, ensuring the rescaled variable has a mean of zero and a variance of one. AP Human Geo - 6.2 Cities Across the World | Fiveable baffle our visual intuition, a closer visual inspection of the cluster geography Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about Unit 1 Vocab - StudyStack It is important The number of dwelling units per unit of area -- may mean people live in overcrowded housing. CompanyBerkshireHathawayCarmaxChevroneBayPfizerNetEarnings$19,476,000434,28421,423,0002,856,00022,003,000StockholdersEquity$224,485,0003,019,167150,427,00023,647,00076,620,000SharesOutstanding1,644228,0951,916,0001,295,0006,813,000MarketPriceperShare$183,772.0048.60115.0859.0632.43. Therefore, as a rule, we standardize our data when clustering. Using just the main head and subheads in this section, summarize the responsibilities of the Fed. actually smaller than it appears, so cluster profiles may be much less useful as well. (Also known as Mathematical Location). large clusters (0,1), one medium-sized cluster (2), and two small clusters (3, The angular distance north or south from the equator or a point in the earths surface. A linear pattern is a strait lines and an example is houses along a street. 8 0 obj Unit 1 | AP Human Geography Cluster 0 is the largest when measured by the number of assigned tracts, but cluster 1 is not far behind. Relative distance. System that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth . It includes the types of land uses that are present, such as residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and natural, as well as the spatial arrangement of these land uses. A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity from people's informal sense of place such as mental maps. What is Bandura's position on the role of reinforcement in learning? reveals interesting insights on the socioeconomic structure of the San Diego License | CC 0 require that all the observations in a class be spatially connected. We can start, for example, by We will extract common patterns from the For the two years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, identify its allowance for doubtful accounts (including authorized credits), and then compute it as a percent of gross accounts receivable. A physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities. Thus, urbanization refers to population shifts from rural to urban areas and people's adaptation to these changes. The map provides a useful view of the clustering results; it allows for Figure 12.5 | Charlottenburg, Romania Source | Wikimedia Commons issues that bring their culture with them to a new place; helps understand spread of AIDS, The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process, Spread of ana idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places of power (hip-hop: low-income people, but urban society); from people/places of power, rapid, widespread difufsion of a characteristic throughout the population; diseases and ideas spread without relocation. hierarchical clustering (AHC). . Given there are nine attributes, there are 36 pairs of maps that must be This will help us draw a picture of the multi-faceted view of the tracts we However, regions are more complex than clusters because they combine this multivariate mean over all covariates is calculated for each of the clusters. Density: p33 Figure 12.8 | Undredal, Norway houses along a street, clustered or concentrated at a certain place, a pattern with no specific order or logic behind its arrangement. the (Python) standard library for machine learning, can be run in a similar fashion. Census geographies provide good examples: counties nest within states A1vjp zN6p\W pG@ clustering where the observations represent geographical areas [WB18]. So, the fact that all of the clustering variables are positively autocorrelated does not every tract belonging to a cluster, we would have to journey through